Social integration of the moose calf

Publication Type:Journal Article
Year of Publication:1958
Authors:Altmann, M
Journal:Animal Behaviour
Volume:6
Pagination:155-159
Date Published:1958
ISBN Number:0003-3472
Keywords:Cervus elaphus
Abstract:

In studies of the patterns of social behaviour in free ranging ungulates over a ten-year period, their organisation in respect to space, season, leadership, communication and reaction to disturbances was investigated. It was found that the moose is rather unique in solitary habits. It was therefore selected to trace transition and development of solitary and social phases in the life cycle of moose. This paper analyses the stages in the behavioural development of the young moose, Alces alces shirasi, and contrasts its process of socialization with the wapiti calf. The neonate period with very limited locomotion, the "heeling period" up to 20 days of age and the period of solitary training in a "sliding territory" are shown to bring about a very enduring close bond between the moosecalf and its dam. The enforcement of signals between mother and young and the reaction to intruders is described. The exploratory activity of the calf gradually widens and the moose-cow shows tolerance in giving the calf's movement more "leeway." The first social contact of the moose-calf with other moose takes place during the rutting season of its dam when the territorial defences of the moose-cow completely fade out. It is a member of the mating group and is accepted by the moose bull. Later the moose-calf joins the loose winter aggregates along with its dam. An orphaned moose-calf will not be integrated and will rarely survive the winter. The male yearling near his dam is treated as a rival by the moose bull; the female yearling experiences hostility from its own dam during the rut. Despite such temporary displacements into fringe areas, the moose yearling continues to be dependent on its dam often for another year, long after the weaning process has ended. In absence of the dam, the moose yearling in need of attachment reverts frequently to the heeling response of its early stage. This response may have a fatal outcome since such attachments may be in disregard of species compatibility.

URL:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0003347258900459
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