When a generalist becomes a specialist: Patterns of red fox predation on roe deer fawns under contrasting conditions

Publication Type:Journal Article
Year of Publication:2008
Authors:Panzacchi, M, Linnell, JDC, Odden, J, Odden, M, Andersen, R
Journal:Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume:86
Date Published:2008
Keywords:Vulpes vulpes
Abstract:

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758)) functional response to roe deer (Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758) fawn density was investigated in two Norwegian study areas characterized by a 26-fold difference in prey density and contrasting habitat characteristics. In the southern area, characterized by a fragmented agricultural landscape and high prey density, red fox consumption rates were closer to the specialist end in the specialist-generalist continuum of feeding habits. Conversely, in the northern area, dominated by boreal forest and with low prey density, the foxes displayed a type-III functional response typical of archetypal generalist predators. We suggest that differences in the predators' feeding habits reflect differences in prey profitability, which was much higher in the southern area owing to higher prey density and to the openness of the landscape that both favour the hunting of roe deer fawns. Different functional responses produced different predation rates (25% for the southern area and 13% for the northern area) and different temporal patterns (highest predation risk for fawns born at the beginning or at the end of the birth season). Even though the understanding of a predator's functional response is crucial for interpreting predation rates and patterns, much remains to be understood regarding its plasticity in different ecological settings. In the fawn-fox system, this might be the key factor in addressing unsolved questions regarding the adaptive value of reproductive synchrony as an antipredator strategy. Given the flexibility of the functional response and the resulting different impacts of predation with respect to birth synchrony, we suggest that reproductive synchrony evolved primarily in response to habitat seasonality and not as an antipredator strategy. Finally, our results contribute to the debate on the additive or compensatory nature of neonatal predation. © 2008 NRC.

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Scratchpads developed and conceived by (alphabetical): Ed Baker, Katherine Bouton Alice Heaton Dimitris Koureas, Laurence Livermore, Dave Roberts, Simon Rycroft, Ben Scott, Vince Smith